Mr. Thomas Common, who is well known as the translator of some of Nietzsche’s works into English, is publishing a small quarterly magazine devoted to Nietzsche and some other people and things. The title of the publication is “Notes for Good Europeans,” of which the following translation is given in parenthesis: “The Good European Point of View.” The contents of the magazine are both good and bad—depending on the “ point of view.” The subjects range from a sober discussion of Shakespeare and quotations from Bernard Shaw and others to an unmeasured laudation of the rantings of Ragnar Redbeard. Any one who wishes to taste of its mélange may secure it for 3½. a copy or one shilling a year by addressing Mr. Common at 8 Whitehouse Terrace, Corstorphine, Edinburgh, Scotland.
The journal is incredibly rare, and we are slowly accumulating and documenting information here.
Prospectus
Its motto is from Nietzsche, “In a word — and it shall be an honorable word — we are Good Europeans …. the heirs of thousands of years of the European spirit.” Its purpose is expressed in its first number as follows : “Our general purpose is to spread the best and most important knowledge relating to human well-being among those who are worthy to receive it, with a view to reducing the knowledge to practice, after some degree of unanimity has been attained. . . As Nietzsche’s works, notwithstanding some limitations, exaggerations and minor errors, embody the foremost philosophical thought of the age, it will be one of our special objects to introduce these works to English readers.”Masthead
subtitles: The Good European Point of View Editors: Thomas Common Subjects: Nietzsche and related topics.The Good European Point of View · 1903–1920
Publisher: Thomas Common
Editor(s): Thomas Common
City: Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Language: English
Frequency: quarterly initially; irregular thereafter
TitleID: NOTGOEUX-1903
The first issue stated that the journal would spread important knowledge concerning human well-being among readers considered capable of applying it. Because Common regarded Nietzsche’s writings as embodying the foremost philosophical thought of the age, a principal object was to introduce those works to English-language readers.
A single continuing Nietzschean periodical edited and issued by Thomas Common. Whole nos. 1–4 appeared quarterly as Notes for Good Europeans from Autumn 1903 through Summer 1904, with The Good European Point of View as subtitle. Beginning with whole no. 5 (Spring 1906), the former subtitle became the principal title, The Good European Point of View. The title was shortened again to The Good European for whole no. 13 and the Memorial Edition. The journal retains one continuing whole-number sequence through no. 13; no printed whole number has yet been verified for the Memorial Edition. Volume I contains whole nos. 1–4; scholarly bibliographies explicitly identify whole nos. 5–8 as Volume II, all issued quarterly in 1906; Volume III contains whole nos. 9–12 (1908–1915); and Volume IV includes whole no. 13 (Autumn 1916). Mary Elder (Common) issued an unexamined Memorial Edition in Spring 1920. Leila Kais counts fourteen publications in total when the Memorial Edition is included. The printed No. remains the continuing whole number rather than an issue number restarting within each volume. The complete run is maintained under one TitleID and one cumulative Issues/Contents file pair.
Union of Egoists, “Notes for Good Europeans (1903),” https://www.unionofegoists.com/journals/notes-for-good-europeans-1903/; Benjamin R. Tucker, notice in Liberty, vol. 14, no. 23, September 1904; Rudolf Broda, Nietzsche and Other Exponents of Individualism, 1914, Project Gutenberg, https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/48495; David S. Thatcher, Nietzsche in England, 1890–1914: The Growth of a Reputation, University of Toronto Press, 1970.; examined scans of The Good European Point of View, no. 5 (Spring 1906), no. 10 (Summer 1909), and no. 12 (Winter 1915).; Leila Kais, “Ein ach so guter Europäer: Thomas Common und seine Nietzsche-Zeitschrift Notes for Good Europeans,” Nietzscheforschung 14 (2007), https://dokumen.pub/nietzscheforschung-band-14-nietzsche-und-europa-nietzsche-in-europa-9783050047867.html; Weimarer Nietzsche-Bibliographie, Band 1: Primärliteratur, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-02730-6; Weimarer Nietzsche-Bibliographie, Band 2: Sekundärliteratur, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-02731-3; Bound-compilation catalog lead, GyanBooks record 1111017477620, https://gyanbooks.com/index.php?p=sr&format=fullpage&Field=bookcode&String=1111017477620; Bound-compilation retail metadata, Walmart Canada, https://www.walmart.ca/en/ip/The-good-European-point-view-philosophical-quarterly-issued-Thomas-Common-Volume-3-no-11-12-4-no-13-1914-16-memorial-ed-1920-1920-Leather-Bound/1NWFHXEB3X0F
Volume I (1903–1904)
Notes for Good Europeans No. 1
Vol. I, No. 1 — [Autumn, 1903.] — No. 1
36 pp. · 3d. per copy (3½d. by post); 1s. a year
Substantially complete wrappered first issue with continuous pagination pp. 1–32. The front wrapper and blank inside front wrapper are present, and the inside back wrapper carries a Nietzsche advertisement; the apparently blank outside back wrapper is not separately imaged. The scan also contains a four-page bound-volume preliminary gathering—volume title page, blank verso, volume contents, and an Encyclopædia Britannica quotation—which is not included in the issue page count, plus one duplicate image of p. 1. A title page prepared for the collected nos. 1–4 identifies that gathering as Volume I, Autumn 1903 to Summer 1904; this is not issue-level volume enumeration. The issue extent is recorded as 36 pages (32 numbered pages plus four wrapper pages), but Pages remains speculative because the outside back wrapper is not separately shown. Volume assignment: Volume I is confirmed by the examined bound-volume title page, which reads “Volume I. Autumn 1903 to Summer 1904,” and by continuous pagination across whole nos. 1–4 from pp. 1–128.
| Pg. | Item | Author |
|---|---|---|
| volume title page | Notes for Good Europeans. Volume I. Autumn 1903 to Summer 1904. — title page | Thomas Common |
| volume contents | Contents of Volume I. — table of contents | |
| volume preliminary verso | [Quotation from Encyclopædia Britannica on Nietzsche and modern German literature] — quotation | Encyclopædia Britannica |
| 1–11 | The New Outlook. — essay | |
| 12–14 | Our Purpose. — editorial statement | |
| 14–18 | Nietzsche Bibliography. — bibliography | |
| 19–26 | Bernard Shaw’s “Man and Superman.” — review | |
| 26–31 | Nietzsche for English Readers. — appeal | |
| 31–32 | Short Notes. — department | |
| 32 | Notes for Good Europeans. A Quarterly Periodical. Terms of Subscription, &c. — subscription notice | |
| inside back cover | Nietzsche’s Works in English. — advertisement |
Notes for Good Europeans No. 2
Vol. I, No. 2 — [Winter, 1903-4.] — No. 2
36 pp. · 3d. per copy (3½d. by post); 1s. a year
Complete wrappered issue with continuous pagination from no. 1: 32 numbered pages, pp. 33–64, plus four cover pages. The front wrapper gives the title, subtitle, issue number, winter date, contents, issuer, and 8 Whitehouse Terrace, Corstorphine, Edinburgh address. The inside front wrapper contains “Appeal for Support for the Publication of Nietzsche’s Works,” including pledged supporters and translator contact addresses; p. 63 notes that this appeal was also issued as a separate circular. Page 64 identifies the journal as a quarterly, gives subscription terms, and says that “The Good European Point of View” had suggested itself as a better designation, although the current title would remain until a year’s issue was completed. The inside back wrapper and back wrapper contain Nietzsche bibliography and advertisements. Visible folds, small tears, stains, and library stamps do not materially obstruct the text. A title page prepared for the collected nos. 1–4 identifies that gathering as Volume I, Autumn 1903 to Summer 1904; the individual publications themselves are nevertheless enumerated only by whole number. Volume assignment: Volume I is confirmed by the examined bound-volume title page, which reads “Volume I. Autumn 1903 to Summer 1904,” and by continuous pagination across whole nos. 1–4 from pp. 1–128.
| Pg. | Item | Author |
|---|---|---|
| inside front cover | Appeal for Support for the Publication of Nietzsche’s Works. — appeal | |
| 33–41 | The Use and Abuse of Religion. — essay | |
| 41–52 | Defects of Popular Secularism. — essay | |
| 53–62 | What to Think of Shakespeare? — essay | |
| 62 | Nietzsche for English Readers. — appeal | |
| 63–64 | Short Notes. — department | |
| 64 | Notes for Good Europeans. A Quarterly Periodical. Terms of Subscription, &c. — subscription notice | |
| inside back cover | Nietzsche’s Works in English. — advertisement | |
| back cover | Other Nietzsche Literature. — advertisement |
Notes for Good Europeans No. 3
Vol. I, No. 3 — [Spring, 1904.] — No. 3
36 pp.
Complete wrappered issue with continuous pagination from the preceding number: 32 numbered pages, pp. 65–96, plus four cover pages. The front wrapper gives the title, subtitle, issue number, season, contents, issuer, and 8 Whitehouse Terrace, Corstorphine, Edinburgh address. Page 96 states that the number was late, says that one further number would complete a volume of the Notes, and expresses the hope of issuing the periodical under the title The Good European Point of View with the commencement of 1905. The inside back cover and back wrapper contain Nietzsche bibliography and advertisements. A title page prepared for the collected nos. 1–4 identifies that gathering as Volume I, Autumn 1903 to Summer 1904; the individual publications themselves are nevertheless enumerated only by whole number. Volume assignment: Volume I is confirmed by the examined bound-volume title page, which reads “Volume I. Autumn 1903 to Summer 1904,” and by continuous pagination across whole nos. 1–4 from pp. 1–128.
| Pg. | Item | Author |
|---|---|---|
| 65–77 | The Classification of Words. — essay | |
| 78–83 | New Religious Formulæ. — essay | |
| 84–95 | What to Think of Shakespeare? (Continued.) — essay | |
| 95–96 | Short Notes. — department | |
| inside back cover | Nietzsche’s Works in English. — advertisement | |
| back cover | Other Nietzsche Literature. — advertisement |
Notes for Good Europeans No. 4
Vol. I, No. 4 — [Summer, 1904.] — No. 4
36 pp. · 3d. per number (3½d. by post); 1s. per volume
Complete wrappered issue with continuous pagination from the preceding number: 32 numbered pages, pp. 97–128, plus four cover pages. The front wrapper gives the title, subtitle, issue number, season, contents, publisher, and 8 Whitehouse Terrace, Corstorphine, Edinburgh address. Page 128 states that no. 4 completes the first collected volume and announces a new volume under the intended title The Good European Point of View: Aristocratic Radicalism. The inside back cover and back wrapper contain Nietzsche bibliography and advertisements. The PDF’s final image contains supplemental overall photographs of the physical issue and is not an additional issue page. Volume assignment: Volume I is confirmed by the examined bound-volume title page, which reads “Volume I. Autumn 1903 to Summer 1904,” and by continuous pagination across whole nos. 1–4 from pp. 1–128.
| Pg. | Item | Author |
|---|---|---|
| 97–106 | The Classification of Ideas. — essay | |
| 106–111 | New Religious Formulæ—II. — essay | |
| 111–117 | The Functions of Philosophers. — essay | |
| 117–123 | Egoism—Its Error and Truth. — essay | |
| 123–128 | Short Notes. — department | |
| inside back cover | Nietzsche’s Works in English. — advertisement | |
| back cover | Other Nietzsche Literature. — advertisement |
Volume II (1906–1906)
The Good European Point of View No. 5
Vol. II, No. 5 — [Spring, 1906.] — No. 5
36 pp. · 3d. a number (3½d. by post); 1s. yearly
Whole no. 5, the first number issued under the title The Good European Point of View, continuing the whole-number sequence of Notes for Good Europeans. The front wrapper gives the title, no. 5, Spring 1906 date, contents, Thomas Common as issuer, and 8 Whitehouse Terrace, Corstorphine, Edinburgh. Numbered pagination restarts at pp. 1–32. The scan shows the front wrapper, inside front wrapper, all numbered pages, and inside back wrapper; the outside back wrapper is not separately imaged. Physical extent is therefore recorded as the likely 36 pages but remains speculative. The inside front wrapper advertises Common’s revised translation of Thus Spake Zarathustra and a projected Esperanto vocabulary; the inside back wrapper lists Nietzsche works and related literature. Volume assignment: Volume II is confirmed bibliographically. Leila Kais explicitly cites whole nos. 5, 6, 7, and 8 as Volume II, all dated 1906; the pagination pattern also supports the grouping, with no. 5 beginning at p. 1 and no. 8 ending at p. 128.
| Pg. | Item | Author |
|---|---|---|
| inside front cover | The Good European Point of View. [Subscription terms] — subscription notice | |
| inside front cover | Nietzsche’s “Thus Spake Zarathustra.” — advertisement | Friedrich Nietzsche; translated by Thomas Common |
| inside front cover | Vocabulary of the New European Language—Esperanto. — announcement | |
| 1–12 | Zarathustra’s Prologue. — translation | Friedrich Nietzsche; translated by Thomas Common |
| 12–27 | Zarathustra’s Discourses. — translation section | Friedrich Nietzsche; translated by Thomas Common |
| 27–28 | Pragmatism and Kant. — article | |
| 28 | Esperantists and Nietzsche. — article | |
| 29–30 | Philosophical Anarchism and Typography. — article | |
| 30–32 | Short Notes. — department | |
| inside back cover | Nietzsche’s Works in English. — advertisement | |
| inside back cover | Other Nietzsche Literature. — advertisement |
The Good European Point of View No. 6
Vol. II, No. 6 — [Summer, 1906.] — No. 6
36 pp.
Provisional record for whole no. 6, Volume II, Summer 1906. The Weimarer Nietzsche-Bibliographie reports numbered pp. 33–64, continuing the pagination of no. 5. It identifies a continuation of Zarathustra’s discourses on pp. 33–58; Leila Kais documents Thomas Common’s “The Organisation of Philosophers” on pp. 58–61 and an Oscar Levy reader letter on pp. 60–61, and also cites Short Notes in this number. The physical extent of 36 pages assumes 32 numbered pages plus four wrappers and remains speculative. Exact wrapper wording, subtitle, price, printer, printer location, physical size, and additional contents are unresolved until a scan is examined.
| Pg. | Item | Author |
|---|---|---|
| 33–58 | Zarathustra’s Discourses (continued) — translation section | Friedrich Nietzsche; translated by Thomas Common |
| 58–61 | The Organisation of Philosophers — essay | Thomas Common |
| Short Notes — department | Thomas Common |
The Good European Point of View No. 7
Vol. II, No. 7 — [Autumn, 1906.] — No. 7
36 pp.
Provisional record for whole no. 7, Volume II, Autumn 1906. Bibliographic sources confirm the issue and report numbered pp. 65–96, continuing the Volume II pagination. The Weimarer Nietzsche-Bibliographie associates the 1906 sequence with Common’s serialized translation of Zarathustra, but the available search text does not permit a sufficiently secure reconstruction of this number’s item-level contents or internal pagination. No provisional Contents records have therefore been invented for no. 7. The physical extent of 36 pages assumes 32 numbered pages plus four wrappers. Exact wrapper wording, subtitle, contributors, price, printer, printer location, physical size, and contents remain unresolved until a scan or reliable full table of contents is examined.
The Good European Point of View No. 8
Vol. II, No. 8 — [Winter, 1906.] — No. 8
36 pp.
Provisional record for whole no. 8, Volume II, Winter 1906. The Weimarer Nietzsche-Bibliographie reports numbered pp. 97–128 and identifies “Nietzsche’s Zarathustra, Part II (continued)” on pp. 97–122. Leila Kais cites Thomas Common’s “Characteristics of Higher Men” beginning on p. 122 and “International Language” on pp. 127–128. This number therefore closes the 128-page Volume II pagination before Volume III restarts at p. 1 with no. 9. The physical extent of 36 pages assumes four wrapper pages and remains speculative. Exact wrapper wording, subtitle, price, printer, printer location, physical size, and additional contents remain unresolved.
| Pg. | Item | Author |
|---|---|---|
| 97–122 | Nietzsche’s Zarathustra, Part II (continued) — translation section | Friedrich Nietzsche; translated by Thomas Common |
| 122–127 | Characteristics of Higher Men — essay | Thomas Common |
| 127–128 | International Language — essay | Thomas Common |
Volume III (1908–1915)
The Good European Point of View No. 9
Vol. III, No. 9 — [Spring, 1908.] — No. 9
36 pp. · Threepence
Provisional record for whole no. 9, reported as Spring 1908. The examined Contents of Volume III lists Nietzsche’s Zarathustra—Part III beginning on p. 1, Nietzschean and Other Literature on p. 31, and Short Notes on p. 32. Whole no. 10 begins on p. 33, so no. 9 is expected to contain numbered pp. 1–32. The Pages value of 36 assumes the established pattern of 32 numbered pages plus four wrapper pages. The bracketed punctuation of Date as Printed and the price of Threepence follow the later examined issues but are not confirmed from no. 9 itself. Subtitle, printer, printer location, physical size, complete wrapper structure, and any contributors beyond Friedrich Nietzsche remain unresolved until a scan is examined. Volume assignment: Volume III is confirmed by the examined bound-volume title page, which reads “Volume III. 1908–1915,” and by its contents and continuous pagination: whole nos. 9–12 begin on pp. 1, 33, 65, and 97 respectively.
| Pg. | Item | Author |
|---|---|---|
| 1–30 | Nietzsche’s Zarathustra—Part III. — translation section | Friedrich Nietzsche; translated by Thomas Common |
| 31 | Nietzschean and Other Literature. — review department | |
| 32 | Short Notes. — department |
The Good European Point of View No. 10
Vol. III, No. 10 — [Summer, 1909.] — No. 10
36 pp. · Threepence
Whole no. 10 under the title The Good European Point of View. The front wrapper prints “No. 10” and “[Summer, 1909.]” with no volume or issue-within-volume designation, gives Thomas Common as issuer, 8 Whitehouse Terrace, Corstorphine, Edinburgh, and a price of threepence. The scan is complete: outside back wrapper, front wrapper, inside front wrapper, numbered pages 33–64, and inside back wrapper are all present, establishing a physical extent of 36 pages. Pagination continues from the preceding whole number. The issue concludes Part III of Common’s translation of Thus Spake Zarathustra. In Short Notes, Common states that more than a year had elapsed since the preceding number and announces that future numbers would contain original articles, book reviews, and discussions rather than further portions of Zarathustra. Volume assignment: Volume III is confirmed by the examined bound-volume title page, which reads “Volume III. 1908–1915,” and by its contents and continuous pagination: whole nos. 9–12 begin on pp. 1, 33, 65, and 97 respectively.
| Pg. | Item | Author |
|---|---|---|
| 33–62 | Nietzsche’s Zarathustra—Part III. (continued). — translation section | Friedrich Nietzsche; translated by Thomas Common |
| 62–64 | Nietzschean Literature. — review department | |
| 64 | Short Notes. — department | |
| inside front cover | Earlier Editions of Nietzsche’s Works. — advertisement | |
| inside back cover | Other Nietzschean Literature. — advertisement | |
| outside back cover | [English works treating Nietzsche] — bibliography |
The Good European Point of View No. 11
Vol. III, No. 11 — [Easter, 1914.] — No. 11
36 pp. · Threepence
Provisional record for whole no. 11, reported as Easter 1914. The examined Contents of Volume III lists Reintroductory Notes on p. 65, followed by the remaining principal articles through Short Notes on p. 93. Whole no. 12 begins on p. 97, so no. 11 is expected to contain numbered pp. 65–96. The Pages value of 36 assumes the established pattern of 32 numbered pages plus four wrapper pages. Easter is retained in Day because the Issues schema has no dedicated holiday-date type; Month(s) is not applicable. The bracketed punctuation of Date as Printed and the price of Threepence follow the later examined issue pattern but are not confirmed from no. 11 itself. Subtitle, contributors, printer, printer location, physical size, complete wrapper structure, and exact printed wording remain unresolved until a scan is examined. Volume assignment: Volume III is confirmed by the examined bound-volume title page, which reads “Volume III. 1908–1915,” and by its contents and continuous pagination: whole nos. 9–12 begin on pp. 1, 33, 65, and 97 respectively.
| Pg. | Item | Author |
|---|---|---|
| 65–68 | Reintroductory Notes. — editorial | |
| 69–74 | Who is the Good Man? — essay | |
| 75–76 | International Language. — essay | |
| 77–82 | The Pons Asinorum of Morals. — essay | |
| 83–86 | Nietzschean Business Blundering. — essay | |
| 87–88 | Good and Bad Christianity. — essay | |
| 89–92 | The Need of New Law Courts. — essay | |
| 93 | Reincarnation of a Walrus. — essay | |
| 93–96 | Short Notes. — department |
The Good European Point of View No. 12
Vol. III, No. 12 — [Winter 1915.] — No. 12
36 pp. · Threepence
Whole no. 12 under the title The Good European Point of View. The front wrapper prints “No. 12,” “[Winter 1915.],” and the subtitle “A Philosophical Quarterly,” with Thomas Common as issuer, 8 Whitehouse Terrace, Corstorphine, Edinburgh, a price of threepence, and the five principal contents. The issue is complete: front wrapper, inside front wrapper, numbered pages 97–128, inside back wrapper, and the blank outside back wrapper are all present, establishing a physical extent of 36 pages. Pagination continues from the preceding whole number. The bound copy also contains a separate preliminary gathering for The Good European Point of View, Volume III, 1908–1915: a Nietzsche epigraph, volume title page, printer colophon naming the Darien Press, Edinburgh, and contents pages iii–iv for nos. 9–12. These preliminaries are excluded from the issue page count and do not constitute issue-level volume enumeration. Volume assignment: Volume III is confirmed by the examined bound-volume title page, which reads “Volume III. 1908–1915,” and by its contents and continuous pagination: whole nos. 9–12 begin on pp. 1, 33, 65, and 97 respectively.
| Pg. | Item | Author |
|---|---|---|
| volume title page | The Good European Point of View. Volume III. 1908-1915. — title page | |
| volume title-page verso | [Printer colophon for Volume III] — printer colophon | |
| volume contents, p. iii–volume contents, p. iv | Contents of Volume III. — table of contents | |
| volume preliminary leaf | [Nietzsche epigraph: “We are Good Europeans…”] — quotation | Friedrich Nietzsche |
| 97–109 | Word-Classification—Solving the Problem. — essay | |
| 109–119 | Uprightness or Unscrupulousness. — essay | |
| 119–121 | The Question of the Jews. — essay | |
| 122–126 | Thoughts About the War. — essay | |
| 126–128 | Short Notes. — department | |
| inside front cover | The Works of Friedrich Nietzsche. — advertisement | Dr. Oscar Levy, editor |
| inside back cover | [Extract from Zarathustra’s Prologue and “The Bestowing Virtue”] — quotation | Friedrich Nietzsche |
Volume IV (1916)
The Good European No. 13
Vol. IV, No. 13 — [Autumn, 1916.] — No. 13
32 pp.
Provisional record for whole no. 13, Volume IV, Autumn 1916. The Weimarer Nietzsche-Bibliographie reports a 32-page number under the shortened title The Good European and identifies “Word Classification (continued),” “Thoughts on the War” on pp. 21–25, and “Short Notes” on pp. 25–32. Leila Kais independently cites “Thoughts on the War” at p. 23 and states that the final two publications used the shortened title. Bound-volume catalog metadata groups Volume IV, no. 13 with Volume III, nos. 11–12 and the 1920 Memorial Edition. The reported 32 pages may refer to numbered text or to a bound copy without wrappers, so the physical page count remains speculative. Exact wrapper wording, subtitle, contributors, price, printer, printer location, and size are unresolved.
| Pg. | Item | Author |
|---|---|---|
| Word Classification (continued) — essay | Thomas Common | |
| 21–25 | Thoughts on the War — essay | Thomas Common |
| 25–32 | Short Notes — department | Thomas Common |
1920
The Good European Memorial Edition
[Spring, 1920.] — Memorial Edition
30 pp. · Memorial Edition
Provisional record for the unexamined Memorial Edition issued in Spring 1920 by Mary Elder (Common) after Thomas Common’s death. Leila Kais counts it among the fourteen total publications in the run and identifies Mary Elder’s Introduction on pp. 1–7 and Thomas Common’s “Word Classification—Further Improvements” beginning on p. 8. The Weimarer Nietzsche-Bibliographie reports 30 pages. No source examined calls it printed whole no. 14 or assigns it explicitly to Volume IV, so Whole No. and Volume remain unresolved rather than being silently supplied. The 148-page figure in retail/catalog metadata belongs to the later bound compilation containing Volume III nos. 11–12, Volume IV no. 13, and the Memorial Edition; it is not the Memorial Edition’s own extent.
| Pg. | Item | Author |
|---|---|---|
| 1–7 | Introduction — introduction | Mary Elder (Common) |
| 8–30 | Word Classification—Further Improvements — essay | Thomas Common |